CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. The Country
III. The People
Inter-Group Relationships
Political and Social Systems
IV. Economic
Resources
V. Conclusion
1967 Published by the Government of the
Republic of Biafra.
I. Introduction
A new nation has been born. Fourteen
million people have taken their destiny into their own hands and embarked on
the task of building a nation free from fear, bitterness and hate. Their sole
aim is to develop their innate capabilities and rear their children in an
atmosphere of peace and security. They stretch their hands of fellowship to all
nations and appeal for understanding, friendship and co-operation.
We, Biafran’s, opted for
self-determination after a long period of heart-searching and after making
desperate efforts to save the Federation of Nigeria from disintegration. More
than any other people in the former Federation, Biafran’s contributed their
human and material resources to the cause of national unity. From 1914, when
the British amalgamated Northern and Southern Nigeria, Biafrans began to leave
their homeland in large numbers to settle in several places among the
Fulani-Hausa in the North and the Yoruba in the West. In those areas they
opened up new avenues of commerce and industry and at the same time built new
homes and erected places of worship and institutions of learning. By so doing
they came to acquire a real stake in the progress and well-being of ALL parts
of the country. They regarded themselves as citizens of Nigeria to an extent
that no other group in the country ever did.
Wherever Biafrans sojourned their
industry, resourcefulness and drive marked them out from their neighbours. In
the North, particularly, the distinction was enhanced by religion; for while
the majority of the Fulani-Hausa population were Muslims the Biafrans were and
still remain mostly Christians, and Judaism. In addition, the progress and
dynamism of Biafrans contrasted with the tardiness and conservatism of their
neighbours who were generally unable to achieve the same standards of
efficiency and prosperity. The envy and animosity the Biafrans excited were
manifested periodically, such as in the massacre of Biafrans by Northern
Nigerians at Jos in 1945 and at Kano in 1953.
While Biafrans abroad were thrusting ahead
and setting the pace for the economic development of Nigeria, those in Biafra
itself were diligently exploiting the human and material resources of their
homeland. Their ready acceptance of modern ideas and techniques brought them to
the forefront of economic and political activities. Democratic by tradition,
they championed democratic ideals and at the same time advocated the concept of
a united country. They resolutely opposed the reactionary ideas of the
Fulani-Hausa ruling elite which controlled the North and dominated the Federal
Government. They also resisted the vicious and unscrupulous methods by which
the Northerners sought to perpetuate their hold on the political strings of
Nigeria. It was largely this confrontation between the forces of progress, represented
by Biafrans, and those of reaction, represented by the Fulani-Hausa which
culminated in the Nigerian census crisis of 1963-64, the Federal election
crisis of 1964 and the Western Nigeria election crisis of 1965 which brought
the military to power in January 1966.
During the massacre of 29 May 1966, which
was the reaction of the Fulani-Hausa to Unification Decree No. 34 of the
Supreme Military Council, Biafrans were the sole victims and there was no
discrimination with regard to their individual ethnic origin. The massacre of
Biafran army officers and men by their Northern "comrades-in-arms" on
29 July 1966, and of Biafran civilians later, followed the same pattern: they
were killed only because they were Biafrans.
Those who survived the pogrom fled back to
their homeland disillusioned and embittered. Their investments in other parts
of the Federation had been destroyed and those whom they held dear had been
killed or maimed. The families in Biafra who received them back shared their
grief, and hardly any family in Biafra escaped the loss of a member or the
return of a destitute relative needing relief. The Northern Assailants showed
no sign of remorse. On the contrary they were jubilant over the expulsion of
the Biafrans in their midst. The Biafrans themselves would never think of going
back to expose themselves to the risk of a repeat of their previous harrowing
experience. Thus the pogrom of 1966 resulted in an irreversible movement of
population.
In spite of all they had suffered during
earlier massacres and during the more recent pogrom, the people of Biafra
sought no revenge but strove strenuously to find a peaceful solution which
would keep Nigeria together. The Northerners, on the contrary, rejected every
overture, ignored the implementation of agreements which had been mutually
arrived at, and relied on their military occupation of Lagos and Western
Nigeria to humiliate Biafrans even further.
Two of these agreements stand out clearly.
As far back as 9 August 1966 representatives of the Military Governors and
Lt.-Col. Gowon agreed in Lagos that, inter alia "Immediate steps should be
taken to post military personnel to barracks within their respective regions of
origin". It was generally recognised that tension would be reduced and
Biafrans would have less fear of attending meetings elsewhere in Southern
Nigeria if this measure was taken. The implementation of this agreement was
pressed on numerous occasions from August 1966 until the collapse of the
Federation, but was totally ignored by the Northern "conquerors".
Again, after long persuasion, the military rulers of Northern Nigeria agreed to
attend a conference at Aburi, Ghana, in January 1967. Far-reaching decisions
aimed at restoring the Federation to normalcy were taken at this meeting. As is
now well-known, the Northern military rulers at first repudiated the decisions
as soon as they returned to Lagos but, following further persuasion both from
within and outside Nigeria, proceeded to implement only a portion of the Aburi
decisions. At the same time the Federal Government contrary to an Aburi
decision stopped paying its staff serving in Biafra, and withheld the Biafran
share of Federal revenues.
The protests of Biafrans against the
attitude of the North were met with threats of military subjugation. The
proposal that Nigerian military lenders should meet in the presence of named
African heads of States was spurned. The stoppage of salaries of Biafrans in
the Federal public Service and Corporation compelled the Government of Biafra to
pay these salaries in addition to bearing the financial burden of
rehabilitating other refugees and displaced persons. Then the Lagos Government
continued to withhold the periodic payments and remittances from Federal funds
due to the Government of Biafra, the Biafran Government was forced to take
steps to stop the continued accumulation of debt by the Lagos Government by
promulgating the Revenue Collection Edict. Thereafter, the Lagos Government
mounted a blockade aimed at the economic strangulation of Biafra.
It is this calculated and systematic
persecution of Biafrans in the former Federation of Nigeria that has driven us
to seek justice and salvation in independence. Molested, taunted, hounded,
murdered and finally driven away from other parts of Nigeria, Biafrans have
been compelled to acknowledge that close association with Fulani-Hausa is
fraught with disaster. We have therefore taken up the challenge to our liberty
and dedicated ourselves to the struggle for our survival.
Some well-meaning observers have expressed
doubts as to whether the Republic of Biafra can survive both economically and
politically as an independent, sovereign state. Firstly, they hint that Biafra
had been so tied to the economy of the rest of Nigeria that if the federal
links were severed Biafrans would suffer a fall in their present standard of
living. In the second place they have tried to emphasize that Biafra consists
of a composite group of people who lack the attributes of a nation. Such views
have obviously arisen from an imperfect understanding of Biafra, past and
present.
It is, among other things, in order to
enlighten the enquirer and reassure the waverer that this publication is being
issued. In the following pages the reader will discover the real Biafra, a
country which has through the ages undergone a political as well as an economic
transformation resulting in the emergence of a virile and united nation that is
capable of sustaining itself in the committee of nations.
II. The Country
The country, Biafra, is an almost rhomboid
shaped territory which is demarcated to the west by the lower reaches of the
River Niger and its Delta, to the East by the Obudu plateau and the Highlands
of Oban and Ikom, to the south by the Bight of Biafra and to the North by an
administrative boundary following, approximately, the 7 deg. N. latitude. The
total area is over 29,400 square miles. Thus Biafra, almost as big as Gambia
and Sierra Leone put together, is bigger than Togo or Rwanda and Burundi
combined, and is four times the size of the Republic of Israel.
The territory is well-watered throughout
the year, lying to a large extent in the basins of the Niger River, the Cross
River, the Kwa River and the Imo River. Three quarters of these river basins
are lowland less than 400 feet above sea-level. The well-known Niger Delta
which extends through two of the twenty provinces of Biafra, occupies about
one-fifth of the lowland. North of the lowland the country rises gradually
through open flat land to the Oban hills and Obudu plateau in the east and the
Nsukka and Udi hills in the west. The Obudu plateau rises to over 6,300 feet
and is one of the coolest and mast delightful parts of West Africa. There are
also beautiful uplands in the provinces of Okigwi, Orlu and Nsukka.
Biafra is wholly located within the
tropics, being only a few degrees north of the equator. But the climate,
although humid at some periods of the year, is on the whole not too hot.
Monthly average temperatures range between 70 deg. F and 90 deg. F, and average
rainfall from about 60 inches in the north to about 140 inches in the Niger
Delta. Like the rest of West Africa, the territory has two main seasons, namely
a rainy and a dry season. The former generally begins towards the end of April
but remains mild until the period June to September when the rains become heavy
though intermittent. There is usually a short break in the rains during the
first two weeks of August. The dry season which, in most parts of Biafra, lasts
from November to March is characterised by relatively light rainfall. A
Prominent feature of this season is the dry, bracing Harmattan wind that blows
from the Sahara southwards between the months of December and February.
The tropical climate of the country
favours the growth of luxuriant vegetation. Mangrove forest covers a depth of
between 10 and 40 miles of the coastal lowlands, including the Niger Delta.
Beyond this belt is the rain forest which extends northwards for approximately
80 miles. In the few places where the forest is still virgin are to be found
many species of giant and medium-size trees with a thick evergreen canopy of
broad leaves which restrict the penetration of sunlight. Except in the forest
reserves, which are located especially in parts of the Cross River basin, much
of the rain forest has been cleared and is honey-combed with villages, farms
and oil-palm groves. North of the rain forest, as far as the Northern boundary
of Biafra, the vegetation thins out into rich grassland or Guinea Savannah
which is characterised by tall grasses and medium size trees.
III. The
People
INTER-GROUP RELATIONSHIP
According to the last census conducted in
November 1963 the population of the Republic of Biafra is 12.4 million, The
figure has risen by the date of this publication to over 14 million following
the crisis of 1966 in the former Federation of Nigeria and Which, as has
already been mentioned, forced Biafrans in other parts of the Federation to
take refuge in their home region. The present population of Biafra, therefore,
equals the total number of people inhibiting the West African states of Togo,
Dahomey, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Gambia put together. In the whole of
Africa, Biafra is now the fourth largest in population, exceeded only by
Nigeria, the U.A.R. and Ethiopia, and equaling Congo Kinshasa. However, her
population density of about 500 persons per square mile is the highest in the
whole of Africa. The significance of this factor in terms of economic
development arid potentialities is obvious.
A tradition that has become generally
accepted divides the population of Biafra into four main "tribes"; a
division which accounts for ninety-eight per cent of the total population
inhabiting the country, namely, the Ibos, the Ibibio-Efiks, the Ijaws and the
Ogojas. But, in fact this is an over-simplification introduced by people
foreign to Biafra. Until the above classification, the people of the territory
did not live or regard themselves as homogenous "tribes" differing
one from another; rather, they lived in towns and villages each of which
regarded itself as distinct although in many cases linked to its neighbours by
a mythical or real ancestor. Thus the people now known as Ibos thought of
themselves as Awka, Bende, Aro, Ngwa, etc.; the Ibibio-Efiks as Uyo, Itu, etc.;
the Ijaw as Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Nembe etc.; and the Ogojas as Ekoi,
Akunakuna, Boki, etc.
In other words, the present Ibos,
Ibibio-Efiks, Ogojas and Ijaws did not regard themselves as such until they
were so classified by foreigners. For example, the word "Ibo" was
probably derived from "Heebo" which, according to some European
trader of the 19th century, was the name given by Biafran traders on the coast
to the hinterland area where they traded. Subsequent European traders slightly
changed the word to "Eboe" from which "Ibo" was derived. It
should be noted, also, that the same Biafran traders on the coast
differentiated between the "Ibo" in the hinterland and the "Kwa
Ibo", that is, Ibos living on the Kwa river. The latter are now known as
Ibibios. The traders, of course, were merely using the word "Ibo" as
a general term for people living in the hinterland rather than for a tribe in
the modern sense of the word. The term "Ibo" was applied by all the
inhabitants of the Eastern Delta to those of the Western Delta and never to
themselves. It is interesting to note also that the riverine groups on the
banks of the lower Niger, Onitsha, Osomari, Oguta etc., refer to their
hinterland neighbours as "Igbo", a term which they do not apply to
themselves. Thus it would seem that modern tribal consciousness, represented by
the application of the term Ibo, Ibibio, Ijo or Ogoja in Biafra, was fostered
not by the people themselves but by foreigners who were ignorant of the
intricate bonds which held the country together and who classified Biafrans
according to their own linguistic and other criteria.
These bonds were woven from the earliest
times when the territory was peopled. Archaeological evidence reveals that
Biafra has been under continuous human occupation for at least 3,000 years and,
as is now being discovered, that her people developed an ancient civilisation a
thousand years ago, that is about half a millennium before the emergence of the
Kingdom of Benin. Linguistic data also confirm the antiquity of the main
languages spoken in the area. It seems, therefore, that the main groups of
Biafra were indigenous to the territory and that contact among them has existed
since primeval-times. This does not mean, of course, that the area was not
touched, even in early times, by external influences. Naturally, populations on
both sides of the Biafran borders have had cultural and other exchanges over
the centuries. Thus the Delta city-states of Kalabari, Bonny, Brass, etc., have
traditions which reveal an early Benin influence, while the riverine
city-states of Onitsha and Osomari have some cultural affinities with Benin and
Igala. More recently, of course, the entire area his come under the influence
of Western civilisation. But while these external influences are significant,
what is of paramount importance is the acculturation and inter-dependence which
have taken place among the various indigenous groups within the area, and which
have welded them together over the centuries.
One cause of the acculturation could be
ascribed to the periodic movement of population from one area to another within
the territory. Sometimes the movement was slow, took many years and involved
very long distances. In some cases, however, it was fast and comparatively
short. In either case the consequence was to bring new peoples into new areas
and to open opportunities for cultural interaction and diffusion.
Another cause of the acculturation was the
economic nexus which developed in the territory from very early times. Because
the communities were interdependent economically, trade tended to flow in all
directions and the constant meeting of people from various communities enabled
each to learn, and sometimes to emulate, the customs or borrow the vocabulary
of the other. For example, two of the most important articles of trade, salt
and dried fish, were provided by the Delta communities who then received in
exchange some of the farm products of the hinterland. As might be expected, the
constant movement of traders through contiguous areas further encouraged mutual
understanding.
The growth of the oversea trade in slaves
intensified commercial relations within the territory and also fostered the
integration of Biafra. The Delta, from where the slaves were exported, became a
melting pot in which the "Ibos", "Ibibios", and
"Ijaws" virtually lost their separate identities. New families and
new ruling houses emerged from the admixture and modified the existing order. For
example, among the Delta communities Ibo-speaking men rose to the exalted
position of paramount ruler. An English trading captain, H. Crow, who visited
the Delta in the late eighteen twenties, recorded that "the King of New
Calabar (modern Kalabari) ..., and Pepple King of Bonny, were both of Ibo
descent". At the same time liberated slaves who returned to their original
homes in the hinterland to trade, introduced new ideas and practices. When the
palm oil trade superseded the slave trade a further step was taken towards
inter-community diffusion. The nature of the palm oil trade necessitated the
establishment of colonies of people not indigenous to the locality, and their
culture influenced and was influenced by the surrounding population.
It was not only trade that contributed
towards the evolution of a homogenous Biafra in the precolonial era; there was
also the contribution of the prevalent division of labour within the territory.
Individual communities were noted and relied upon for specific skills. This
encouraged their movement from one place to another during which the
inter-dependence of all the communities was enhanced and emphasized. For
example, the people of Awka were famed throughout the centre and north of
Biafra as wood-carvers, while the Nri people supplied the priestly class so
essential for the religious welfare of the surrounding communities. Southwards,
there were the blacksmiths, of Nkwerre, the wood-carvers of Annang, the Item
and Ibibio doctors, the warriors or mercenaries of Ohafia and Abam and the
priests of Arochukwu. Thus it came to be generally accepted that one community
supplied the wants of another and the tradition of mutual reliance and support,
now characteristic of Biafrans, became established.
Mobility over the centuries depended on
the intricate system of road and water communications which linked the whole
territory together. Along these traveled the traders, the craftsmen, the
itinerant priests, the medicinemen and the emissaries of the various
communities. The most important markets in Biafra were held at specific,
well-known intervals and were so sited that traders had to move from one part
of Biafra to another.
It is probable that if a strong military
power had arisen within the territory capable of subjugating the city-states
and villages, a powerful nation under one political direction would have
emerged before the advent of British rule as happened in other parts of the
African continent. Such a political authority, however, was not necessary given
the Biafran way of life. As will be seen below, relationships among Biafrans
was moderated by matrilineal connections, and attitude to warfare was mild to
the extent that combatants readily yielded to arbitration by third parties, or
by the Long Juju Oracle of Arochukwu which was recognised as a final court of
appeal by virtually all the inhabitants of Biafra.
One consequence of the process of
acculturation was that groups emerged in the region which, although possessing
certain dissimilarities in language, custom and tradition, yet retained many common
links baffling to the foreigner in search of simple explanations and
classifications. Inclined towards generalisations, the Europeans who penetrated
into and later ruled Africa, found common names for groups of people with the
greatest obvious similarities and labeled they as "tribes",
"sub-tribes", "clans" etc. In place of the ever continuing
cultural diffusion a process was set in motion which not only labeled groups
but compartmentalised and isolated them. Thus groups of people became more
self-conscious than they had ever been and learned to identify themselves with
such "tribal" names as Ibo, Ibibio, Ijaw etc. This tendency grew with
the consolidation of British rule and the introduction of "native"
administration which emphasized the separateness of "tribes".
It could thus be seen that, comparatively,
the current tribal labels are of very recent origin. Nevertheless, as a result
of the spread of Western education, the names have gained wide acceptance.
Furthermore, with the advent of self-government and the emergence of political
parties, the skilful and often unscrupulous exploitation of the emotions
associated with these labels has served as a useful tactic for securing
electoral victories. The result has been to deepen the impression of distinctiveness
already created by the universal acceptance of the labels.
However, while British rule and its
immediate aftermath on the one hand, has tended to emphasize the
"tribe", Western technology, on the other, has introduced new links
which have contributed towards the political, social and economic integration
of Biafra. The use of modern and fast means of transport, the growth of new
cosmopolitan towns and the spread of Western education have had the effect of
further blurring the differences between and enhancing the interdependence of
the various communities. Differences in language have been largely overcome by
the use of English, and any one with a smattering of that language can easily
move from one corner of the nation to another without fear of being unable to
communicate with the people he would meet. Furthermore, since Biafra never came
under the influence of Islam the spread of Christianity has not caused such
complications in religious belief as are often found in places where two
vigorous foreign religions and cultures are superimposed on the indigenous
religion. Finally, it should be pointed out that for nearly three-quarters of a
century Biafra has been ruled as a single political unit and the vast majority
of the population have grown accustomed to the fact of their political
uniqueness as Biafrans.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEM
The extent of acculturation in Biafra is
clearly demonstrated by the similarity in the political and social systems of
all groups. Although the account which follows largely refers to the Period
preceding colonial rule, it must be borne in mind that much of the political
and social system discussed is still in vogue.
Each of the groups possessed central
administrative and judicial institutions, and power as well as authority was
based not on birth but on wealth, status and age of the individual or
individuals wielding them. Ultimate pourer, however, did not reside in the
central authority, which consisted essentially of a federation of politically
equivalent segments, but in the segments themselves.
Usually the government of the community
was entrusted to a Council of Elders who were heads of the component segments
known either as compound, hamlet or ward. The council was presided over by a
head who must be acceptable to all and who was, in a political sense, a first
among equals. The Council of Elders was not really a legislative body but an
informal body which met as the occasion arose. Its primary function was to take
decisions on weighty matters affecting
the whole community, such as the declaration of war and peace, the settlement
of serious internal disputes which otherwise might wreck the solidarity of the
community, and the regulation and performance of rituals aimed at safeguarding
the welfare of members of the group.
The day-to-day affairs of the segment
rested with the Elder (variously called Okpara, Etubom, Ete Ekpuk etc.). He
wields political, judicial and religious authority, arbitrated in internal
disputes and represented the group in its external relations with others. His
authority was generally accorded chiefly because he was recognised as the
intermediary between the group and its ancestors,
Throughout Biafra there has always been an
identical attitude to law and custom. Both were inextricably bound together and
were believed to have been handed down to the people's ancestors by the gods.
Thus anyone who violated those laws not only incurred the displeasure of the
living but also the anger of the ancestors as well as of the gods. This attitude
towards law helped in minimising anti-social behaviour. Sometimes it was
necessary to make a new law, and for that the consent of the entire community
had to be sought; a practice which was relatively easy on account of the small
size of each group. This traditional process of general participation in the
act of law-making provided, for the young and old alike, vital education in the
principles of the existing social order. Subsequently, the law was ratified by
the Elders and given divine sanction by sacrifice and by invoking the approval
of the ancestors. It is this element of popular consent and direct
participation in the enactment of laws which attracted the attention of foreign
visitors to Biafra and led them to conclude rightly that Biafrans were ultra-democratic,
highly individualistic and disliked or suspected any form of external
government and authority.
In the sphere of social relations,
Biafrans had a common attitude to marriage. Marriage was not regarded in any
part of the country as an affair between two individuals, a man and a woman,
but between the whole family of the man and that of his prospective spouse.
Betrothed girls in most parts of the territory usually went into a period of
seclusion sometimes known as the "fattening" period. Custom
encouraged the man to look for a bride outside his lineage (exogamy) not only
because this increased the population of the lineage but because it created an
external alliance, sealed in blood relationship, which widened the contacts of
relatives on both sides. By this means a member of a, lineage became connected
with the lineage of his of his mother or wife or sisters, and vice versa. He
could thus traverse in peace vast distances merely by passing through areas
inhabited by his in-laws. If he was a trader the advantage of this arrangement
was obvious and in this sense it could by said for Biafrans that trade followed
the wife. The system of marriage also had political implications because,
although in the pre-colonial era them was no single political authority
recognised throughout Biafra, the ties of marriage ensured relative peace and a
sense of common belonging.
There were three other social institutions
prevalent in Biafra which demonstrated the extent of her cultural homogeneity.
Firstly, there was the institution known as the "Age-set" or
"Age-grade". Males born in the same year or within a specified number
of years were grouped together to form one ago-set. These sets were organised
on village bases but each unit could, and often did, maintain close ties with
an identical unit in neighbouring villages. The status of the age-set in the
community increased with ago. Often when the members attained the age of
between 12 and 15 it was formally recognised, took a name and appointed a
leader. Age-sets rendered such services to the community as the clearing of
paths, cutting of forests, and the defence of the village. They imposed
self-discipline on their members and could punish them for any laxity in behaviour.
In many cases women were also organised in age-sets and these might contribute
to a common fund for mutual assistance and usually acted as pressure groups
within the community.
The second institution was the title
society. Membership of these societies was secured not by birth but through age
and individual merit as represented by the ability to make the appropriate
payments in cash and in kind. Usually these societies were open only to the
free born, but among the Delta communities slaves who were able to afford the
initiation expenses could readily become members. It was common for such
societies to be graded in an ascending order of seniority which also conferred
increasing privileges and status. Membership could only be gained according to
the stipulated order and after the requisite rites had been performed.
Lastly, there were the secret societies, a
large number of which still exist. In many cases title-holders were associated
with specific secret societies, and the two institutions thus tended to
coincide. In other cases, however, the two were separate, with secret societies
constituting a larger group to which every full member of the community could
be admitted. One of the most common of these societies was the Ekpe (also known
as Egbo, Akang, Ekpo etc.) which also corresponded to the Owuogbo of the Delta
in its functions. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal
decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also
ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook
certain public works for the community. Membership of some secret societies and
knowledge of their signs (for example Okonko) served as a passport for the
initiate while travelling in distant places where a lodge of the society
existed. This, in a way, helped to foster social integration within tine
country.
In the religious sphere, there has always
been an element of homogeneity in Biafra. As already stated, Islam never
touched even the borders of the territory. The result has been that until the
advent of Christianity in the nineteenth century all Biafrans followed the
religion of their ancestors. There existed a universal belief in a Supreme
Deity (variously celled Chuku, Chineke, Abasi etc.) which resided above and was
the source of creation, life and fertility. Apart from the Supreme Deity, it
was also believed that there were other lesser gods of thunder, sun, wood etc.,
as well as spirits which were divided into the good and the evil depending on
their supposed attitude towards the individual or the community as a whole. The
cult of the "Earth" spirit was one of the most important in Biafra.
This deity was regarded as the mistress of the underworld and the cult of the
ancestors was closely associated with it. Some of the more serious crimes such
as murder, adultery, poisoning and stealing farm products were regarded as
offences committed against the Earth deity. Laws were enacted and oaths sworn
in her name so that reverence for the Earth Spirit became one of the integrative
forces for most communities.
With the introduction and spread of
Christianity most of the traditional deities have been abandoned and Christian
beliefs have supervened. The change has also advanced the integrative effects
of indigenous religion by providing a basically uniform system of beliefs which
pervades social and political thought and practice throughout Biafra.
IV. Economic Resources
The greatest economic asset of Biafra is
her human resources. The people have long been famed for their industry,
initiative, self-reliance and an almost insatiable thirst for learning. Her
relatively large and dense population provides a ready and easily accessible
market for agricultural and industrial products. There is therefore a genuine
incentive for an economic revolution and already this is beginning to take
place.
The government and people of the country
realised early the importance of education for a developing country and now
there is an abundance of skilled men and women in most aspects of human
endeavour. The key role which Biafrans played in keeping the wheel of commerce
and industry revolving throughout Nigeria vas cloudy demonstrated in 1966. When
the survivors of the pogrom fled to Biafra the Nigerian economy, especially in
the North, almost ground to a halt. Biafra is making even greater efforts to
educate her people and to provide them with the knowledge and skills for
survival in this age of technology.
At the moment Biafra has a primary school
population of about 1,250,000 which is almost equal to that of what now remains
of Nigeria. Her secondary grammar school population of 65,000 accommodated in
283 separate institutions bears the same proportion to Nigeria. In 1967 there
were also 33 secondary commercial schools with an enrolment of 5,674 and the
number enrolled in secondary technical schools exceeded 5,000. In the field of
higher education Biafra has a university at Nsukka (a second campus of the
University is at Enugu) with an undergraduate enrolment of nearly 3,000. This
university now has nine Faculties including such crucial ones as agriculture,
engineering and medicine. A second university for Biafra (The University of
Science and Technology) will open at Port Harcourt in October 1967. At Enugu,
the capital of Biafra, there is also an Institute of Administration for
training high-level administrative and managerial man-power, a University
Teaching Hospital for training doctors and ancillary medical staff, and a Law
School far the professional training of jurists. Biafrans graduating in various
disciplines and vocations from
institutions of higher learning at home and abroad exceed 1,000 annually. There
is no country in Black Africa that excels Biafra in the educational facilities
provided for its people.
One of the well-known characteristics of
Biafrans, namely self-reliance, has been of immense value in the development of
the country. Community developments, for instance, started in Biafra with
village communities raising funds, and providing voluntary labour to construct
roads to link their villages with major towns and markets. By the late forties,
community development efforts had extended to the construction of hospitals,
maternity homes, dispensaries and village schools. Many communities were
stimulated to greater efforts by the work of Mr. E. R. Chadwick, a British
District Officer at Udi. Recognising the self-help characteristic of the
Biafrans he organised the people of his district for general community
development projects including a 5-mile road, a village school, a maternity
home and a co-operative shop, activities which he recorded in a film entitled
"Day-Break in Udi". Church organisations, village and town
improvement unions, age-grades and various other societies all have taken an
active part in providing for the communities in Biafra such social services as
water supply, postal agencies, bridges, town halls and market places. And when,
in 1963, the Government of Biafra directed that emphasis should be shifted from
the projects on social services to those that stimulate economic growth, many
communities responded and undertook various agricultural and industries
projects - all with minimum Government assistance. Some of the projects which,
have recently been completed by community effort are listed below:
Some of the Community Development Projects
Completed in Biafra
Social Service Projects
Bridges (feet) 12,561
Roads (miles) 4,714
Co-operative Shops (No.) 13
Postal Agencies (No.) 214
Maternity Homes (No.) 628
Leper Segregation centres (No.) 36
Hospitals and Rural Health centres (No.) 89
Dispensaries (No.) 350
Community Schools and Domestic Science
centres (No.) 275
Adult Education (No.) 1,216
Libraries (No.) 60
Market Development (No.) 166
Water Supply (No.) 302
Embankments (No.) 211
Village Halls (No.) 563
Economic Development Projects
Rubber Plantations (No.) 31
Oil Palm Plantations (No.) 133
Cocoa Plantations (No.) 8
Cashew Plantations (No.) 2
Food Crops Farm Projects (No.) 23
Mixed Farming Projects (No.) 11
Fish Ponds Projects (No.) 5
Poultry and Livestock Farms (No.) 75
Weaving (Textile) industry (No.) 65
Wood Carving industry (No.) 7
Brushmaking industry (No.) 1
Blacksmithing industry (No.) 1
Raffia Products (hats, bags, cane chairs
etc.) industry (No.) 5
Food processing (cassava grating, corn
mill etc.) industry (No.) 4
Biafra is not only rich in human resources
but is also blessed with enormous material resources some of which are only
recently being realised and exploited. In the pre-colonial era, of course, the
country was famous for its palm oil and palm kernel and for long under British
rule the revenue derived from these were used in balancing the budget of the
whole of Nigeria. Indeed the whole rationale for the amalgamation of Northern
and Southern Nigeria in 1914 was to enable the colonial power to use the
revenue derived from the South, and especially from Biafra, to offset the
deficit incurred in the budget of Northern Nigeria.
In recent years Biafra has improved its
production of palm produce. It is generally known that Nigeria was one of the
world's most important exporter of palm produce, supplying 50 per cent of the
World's palm kernel and over 30 per cent of its palm oil. What is perhaps not
so well-known is that Biafra produced over 90 per cent of the Nigerian palm
kernel and nearly 50 per cent of the palm oil. During the current Six-Year
Development Plan which expires in 1968 Biafra has spent almost £4 million in
the establishment of plantations and the rehabilitation of old palm-trees. Thus
the future of this vital source of revenue is assured for Biafra.
However, the Government of the territory
has not failed to appreciate the danger of a single-crop economy. Thus it has
for a long time embarked on the extensive cultivation of such cash crops as
cocoa, rubber and copra. As regards cocoa, it is anticipated that production in
Biafra will amount to about 10,000 tons per annum, by 1968. Large plantations
of rubber have been established in some parts of the country. One of them
established by the Dunlop Rubber Company is valued at about £1,000,000. Exports
of rubber from Biafra now is almost 60,000 tons per annum and this figure is
likely to increase greatly when the plantation scheme of the country begins to
mature. Biafra also produced over 60 per cent of the copra exported from
Nigeria and further extension of the plantations have been made. Other
agricultural products which are being exploited on an increasing scale are
raffia, piassava, jute, castor. soya beans, groundnuts, benniseed and sugar
cane.
At the same time, Biafra is almost
self-sufficient in the production of food crops. This was demonstrated when, as
a result of the recent crisis, the flow of foodstuffs into and out of Biafra
ceased. It was discovered that the cost of several food items dropped
considerably resulting in a remarkable reduction in the cost of living, in
spite of the extra-ordinary rise in the population. Common food crops produced
in the country include yams, tomatoes, bananas, pawpaws, cassava, rice, beans,
plantains, pineapples, onions, peppers, oranges, avocado pears, etc. Protein,
especially meat, was supplied in the post largely from external sources but
recent events have shown that even here Biafra could easily be self-sufficient.
The cattle ranch at Obudu, a place 5,000 feet above sea level and free from
tse-tse fly, now produces a substantial quantity of the country's meat supply
and more ranches are being established. There is also a large and growing stock
of goats, sheep and pigs. Poultry-keeping has recently become a thriving
business in the country and Biafra is at present virtually self-sufficient as
regards the supply of eggs and chicken.
Owing to its geographical position, Biafra
is rich in timber, most of which is yet to be exploited. Approximately 9 per
cent of the total area of the country has been designated forest reserves and
there is a vast acreage of forest plantations. Biafra now exports nearly 3
million cubic foot of logs end about 35,000 feet of sewn timber annually.
The country does not depend an its
agricultural and forest resources alone; there is also an abundance of mineral
deposits which is contributing enormously to the wealth of Biafra. Limestone of
a high grade, suitable for the manufacture of cement, is found in many parts of
the territory. A substantial iron ore deposit, with a metal content of about 42
per cent after beneficiation, has been discovered near Enugu. Around Abakaliki,
in the north, there are large deposits of lead and zinc ore; as well as a small
quantity of silver. Potential annual production rates have been estimated at
13,150 tons lead concentrates and 8,150 tons zinc. There is also an abundance
of clay deposits all over the country suitable far ceramic and other industrial
purposes. Large quantities of sandstone and glass sands exist on the outskirts
of Enugu as well as at Afam, Port Harcourt and elsewhere. A mineral which has
played a great part in the economic development of Nigeria is coal. It has been
mined in Biafra since 1914 and is the only source of this form of fuel in West
Africa. In 1950 the total output was well over 900,000 tons but since then the
market for coal has been shrinking, mainly because an increasing number of
countries are now using diesel, fuel oil and natural gas instead of coal as a
source of energy.
The discovery nearly ten years ago that
Biafra possessed oil and natural gas in commercial quantities was a milestone
in the economic development of the country. The exploitation of these minerals
has made astonishing progress. In 1958 crude oil production was 229,458 net
tons but five years later it had risen to 3,694,981 net tons. Current
production stands at over 7 million net tons annually. More oil deposits are
still being discovered in the country and production is yet to begin from a
large number of oil-bearing wells. Similarly, vast quantities of natural gas
have barn discovered in a number of areas within the country. It has been
estimated that production from one area alone could easily exceed 50 million
cubic feet a day if fully exploited.
The exploitation of mineral resources in
Biafra has naturally led to the establishment of a number of industries and the
projection of several others. Two cement factories at Nkalagu and Calabar, with
a total potential output of about 6 million tons annually, use local limestone.
It is anticipated that an Iron and Steel Industry will soon be started which
will be based on the iron and coal deposits of the country; already a small
steel rolling mill is in operation near Enugu. The clay deposits of the country
serve one ceramic and two pottery industries. A glass factory has been set up
at Port Harcourt to exploit local deposits of glass sand. There is now in
operation an oil refinery which 1s fed by local crude oil, and the
establishment of a full-scale petro-chemical industry is under active
consideration.
The list of industrial projects under
operation or planned is by no means exhausted. In the colonial era factories
had been established in Biafra to manufacture cigarettes, soap, furniture,
metal doors and windows, drinks (soft and alcoholic) and aluminium roofing sheets.
Since 1960 those industries have increased their output and new ones have been
started. Late in September 1962, the £3 million Michelin Plant in Port Harcourt
produced the first pneumatic motor tyre to be manufactured in West Africa.
There are also two textile mills in the country valued at nearly £8 million.
Two large aluminium companies supply the country's needs of corrugated iron
sheets, semi-fabricated aluminium sheets and cooking utensils. There is a
factory for the manufacture of asbestos, cement sheeting products and pressure
pipes. A modern shoe industry at Owerri manufactures foot-wear of all types.
There are also factories for the manufacture of industrial gases, enamelware,
flour, plywood, stationery, razor blades, matches, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
paints, gramophone records, etc.
>From the foregoing can be seen that
few countries in Africa possess economic resources, human and material,
comparable to Biafra. The resulting impact of the judicious exploitation of
these resources on the life of the people has been remarkable. It is
noticeable, for instance, in the rapid growth of the urban population over the
past few yours; the population of each of the principal towns (Enugu, Onitsha,
and Port Harcourt) already exceeds 400,000. All the principal towns are linked
by about 2,500 miles of tarred, all-season roads, a record in Africa. On the
whole, there are over 17,500 miles of road in Biafra, probably the densest road
net-work in Africa.
A railway line, 192 miles long, runs from
Port Harcourt through the heart of the country to Northern Nigeria.. The
country is also served by three air ports at Calabar, Enugu and Port Harcourt.
Enugu airport is at the moment being lengthened to accommodate jet planes and a
new International airport is proposed for Part Harcourt. The principal port of
Biafra at Port Harcourt is one of the largest in West Africa; the port now has
eight main berths with a depth of 35 feet, transit sheds and a warehouse
capable of taking 15,000 tons export produce. Further expansion of the port and
its facilities is in progress with a loan of £3.5 million from the World Bank.
There are two other smaller ports at Calabar and Degema while Bonny has
recently been developed as an oil terminal for the export of crude oil.
Biafrans, engaged in farming, fishing or
cottage industries in their villages, have also benefited from the economic
growth of the country. They are, in many cases, now served by pipe-borne water
and good roads, and a rural electrification project has already been launched
to provide them with light and power. Their children have local primary schools
within easy reach, and a secondary school is usually not far away. Hospitals or
clinics are also close at hand for the sick; and so are maternity centres.
V. Conclusion
Enough, it is hoped, has been said above
to introduce the reader to Biafra and its people. It is a country inhabited
from very early times by much the same people as live there today. The people
evolved a political system which for hundreds of years allowed each of the
small component groups to manage its own affairs but at the same time to regain
certain cultural and economic links that bound the country into a relatively
peaceful and homogeneous unit. With the advent of Europeans and the imposition
of colonial rule those links were ignored in the search for labels so that
Biafrans seen began to be regarded is members of four main "tribes"
called "Ibo", "Ibibio-Efik", "Ogoja", and
"Ijo". Subsequently, the formation of political parties and the
exploitation of these labels by unscrupulous politicians led to popularisation
of the tribal label. But, on the whole, something of the old spirit of common
identity remained and was reinforced by the fact that the whole country was
administered throughout the period of colonial rule and after as single
political unit.
Earlier, the creation of an artificial
geographical unit called Nigeria by the colonial power induced Biafrans to
settle in large numbers outside their home. The pogrom planned against them by
the Fulani-Hausa of the North in 1966 has forced the survivors to seek refuge
in their original homeland. Consequently, an irreversible movement of
population has taken place which has revived the spirit of nationalism in
Biafra and raised it higher than ever before. There is everywhere a feeling of
common purpose and common destiny comparable to the anti-colonial movement of
the past. Biafra has now resolutely joined in the committee of nations as a
sovereign country which Biafrans see as their only salvation if they are to
survive as a people. Having lost ever 30,000 of their nationals and seen the
dispossessed survivors hounded out of the rest of Nigeria they have been left
with no alternative but either to succumb to the domination of the Fulani-Hausa
or to stand on their own. They intensely feel that the path of survival and the
path of honour lie in the latter alternative.
Biafrans have all the attributes of a
nation. With a population of over 14
million living in contiguous and compact territory, they have an undisputed
homeland of their own. They possess a well-trained man-power reserve second to
none in Black Africa. Their country is rich in agricultural and mineral
resources which are capable of sustaining them and enabling there to stand on their
own. They already have well-developed industries producing a wide range of
manufactures, and many more are either under construction or at the planning
stage. They are capable of defending the integrity of their country and playing
an effective role in the counsels of Africa and the world. Above all they
possess an abundance of energy and an indomitable will to succeed.
LONG LIVE THE REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA
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